Table 2 Effects of the exercise-training programme on physiological outcomes from baseline – exercise group (n = 12); control group (n = 8)

Variable

Exercise (mean ± SD)

Control (mean ± SD)

Difference between groups

Exercise (mean ± SD)

Control (mean ± SD)

Difference between groups

Exercise (mean ± SD)

Control (mean ± SD)

Difference between groups

Peak oxygen consumption (mL·min)

5.8 ± 6.3

P = 0.012

(122 ± 142)

-3.7 ± 4.4

P = 0.026

(-69 ± 80)

P≠ = 0.001

5.0 ± 8.7

P = 0.032

(137 ± 190)

-6.0 ± 5.8

P = 0.004

(-107 ± 93)

P≠ = 0.001

2.1 ± 8.5

P = 0.105

(103 ± 208)

-8.2 ± 5.4

P = 0.001

(-153 ± 105)

P≠ = 0.000

Peak oxygen consumption (mL·kg·min ^-1 )

6.0 ± 7.2

P = 0.029

(1.6 ± 2.2)

-4.8 ± 3.3

P = 0.005

(-1.4 ± 0.9)

P≠ = 0.000

5.3 ± 10.0

P = 0.063

(1.8 ± 3.2)

-5.8 ± 5.2

P = 0.002

(-1.7 ± 1.5)

P≠ = 0.003

1.6 ± 9.9

P = 0.200

(1.3 ± 3.8)

-8.9 ± 5.0

P = 0.350

(-2.8 ± 1.9)

P≠ = 0.001

Time to exhaustion (min)

12.5 ± 12.5

P = 0.005

(1.1 ± 1.7)

-6.9 ± 12.2

P = 0.157

(-0.6 ± 1.2)

P≠ = 0.003

16.7 ± 14.7

P = 0.002

(1.5 ± 1.6)

-7.9 ± 14.0

P = 0.158

(-0.9 ± 1.7)

P≠ = 0.002

16.5 ± 22.0

P = 0.025

(1.4 ± 3.0)

-3.6 ± 14.6

P = 0.506

(-0.48 ± 1.42)

P≠ = 0.036

Peak heart rate (bpm)

0.1 ± 2.5

P = 0.872

(0 ± 4)

-1.7 ± 1.5

P = 0.015

(3 ± 3)

P≠ = 0.072

-1.07 ± 3.79

P = 0.291 (-2 ± 7)

-2.43 ± 2.56

P = 0.032 (-5 ± 5)

P≠ = 0.405

0.01 ± 3.34

P = 0.931 (0 ± 6)

-2.74 ± 1.46

P = 0.001 (-5 ± 3)

P≠ = 0.045

2 min oxygen consumption (mL·min)

-10.2 ± 10.3

P = 0.006 (-140 ± 144)

-1.2 ± 8.1

P = 0.696 (-20 ± 96)

P≠ = 0.000

-16.8 ± 10.6

P = 0.000 (-250 ± 148)

-6.3 ± 11.6

P = 0.170 (-73 ± 136)

P≠ = 0.003

-15.1 ± 8.7

P = 0.000 (-231 ± 126)

-5.9 ± 11.9

P = 0.159 (-66 ± 145)

P≠ = 0.001

2 min oxygen consumption (mL·kg·min ^-1 )

-9.8 ± 9.2

P = 0.004 (-2.1 ± 1.9)

-2.3 ± 8.3

P = 0.453 (-0.5 ± 1.6)

P≠ = 0.000

-16.9 ± 9.2

P = 0.000 (-3.7 ± 1.7)

-6.2 ± 12.2

P = 0.191 (-1.3 ± 2.4)

P≠ = 0.003

-16.0 ± 5.6

P = 0.000 (-3.5 ± 1.6)

-6.6 ± 12.5

P = 0.178 (-1.4 ± 2.5)

P≠ = 0.001

4 min oxygen consumption (L·min)

-5.4 ± 10.9

P = 0.068 (-85 ± 149)

1.9 ± 4.7

P = 0.289 (26 ± 68)

P≠ = 0.033

-10.7 ± 7.9

P = 0.002 (-162 ± 141)

-1.3 ± 3.9

P = 0.836 (-14 ± 51)

P≠ = 0.009

-6.8 ± 9.2

P = 0.021 (-116 ± 153)

-4.6 ± 9.2

P = 0.346 (57 ± 121)

P≠ = 0.412

4 min oxygen consumption (mL·kg·min ^-1 )

-5.3 ± 9.3

P = 0.036 (-1.4 ± 1.9)

0.64 ± 5.4

P = 0.746 (0.2 ± 1.1)

P≠ = 0.071

-11.2 ± 6.7

P = 0.000 (-2.6 ± 1.6)

-1.22 ± 4.5

P = 0.471 (-0.2 ± 1.0)

P≠ = 0.003

-7.8 ± 8.7

P = 0.056 (-1.9 ± 1.9)

-5.4 ± 10.1

P = 0.173 (-1.3 ± 2.2)

P≠ = 0.414

Resting heart rate (bpm)

-2.5 ± 7.3

P = 0.261 (-2 ± 4)

-2.1 ± 9.2

P = 0.534 (-2 ± 6)

P≠ = 0.923

-3.0 ± 6.4

P = 0.149 (-2 ± 4)

-6.2 ± 7.7

P = 0.057 (-5 ± 5)

P≠ = 0.407

-2.2 ± 7.5

P = 0.335 (-2 ± 5)

-1.7 ± 11.1

P = 0.671 (-2 ± 7)

P≠ = 0.918

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

-1.0 ± 4.9

P = 0.508 (-1.0 ± 5.7)

-1.0 ± 2.4

P = 0.266 (-1.0 ± 2.4)

P≠ = 0.984

-2.0 ± 6.3

P = 0.293 (-2.3 ± 7.9)

-0.1 ± 3.9

P = 0.938 (0.0 ± 3.8)

P≠ = 0.459

-2.0 ± 6.6

P = 0.309 (-2.4 ± 8.0)

-0.3 ± 5.7

P = 0.888 (0.0 ± 6.1)

P≠ = 0.553

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

-0.5 ± 5.9

P = 0.793 (-0.3 ± 4.4)

0.4 ± 4.5

P = 0.767 (0.1 ± 3.5)

P≠ = 0.704

-2.0 ± 6.4

P = 0.300 (-0.3 ± 4.4)

-0.7 ± 7.7

P = 0.809 (0.1 ± 3.5)

P≠ = 0.682

-2.2 ± 6.6

P = 0.268 (-1.8 ± 4.7)

-2.8 ± 5.8

P = 0.206 (-1.8 ± 4.1)

P≠ = 0.829