Figure 6

Lumbar load for various patient handling activities. Concluding representation of the peak values of the compressive force on the lumbosacral disc L5-S1 for 13 manual patient-handling activities: 1. Raising a patient from lying to sitting in bed or vice versa 2. Elevating a patient from lying to sitting at the bed's edge or vice versa 3. Moving a patient towards the bed's head (nurse at bed's long side) 4. Moving a patient towards the bed's head (nurse at bed's head) 5. Moving a patient in the bed sidewards 6. Lifting a leg of a lying patient or vice versa (nurse at bed's long side) 7. Lifting a leg of a lying patient or vice versa (nurse at bed's foot) 8. Lifting both legs of a lying patient or vice versa (nurse at bed's long side) 9. Inclining the bed's head with the patient lying in the bed 10. Shoving a bedpan or vice versa 11. Placing a patient from sitting at bed's edge in a chair or vice versa 12. Raising a patient from sitting to upright standing position or vice versa 13. Raising a patient from lying on the floor to standing position

dark symbol = partially co-operating patient light symbol = fully co-operating patient rhombus = forward movement triangle = backward movement