Figure 1

Preventive and curative effects of various plant extracts on embryonic 293 human cells intoxicated by the herbicide Roundup. The viability is measured by the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity in comparison to non-treated cells (M). Cells were grown in EMEM with 10% serum during 48 h, up to 80% confluence in 48-well plates, and then exposed to different treatments. In the frame after A-E, each letter indicates successively 24 h of the following treatments: Medium alone (M) equivalent to Plant extract alone, Roundup alone (R at 0.03%, ~LC50) or with various plant extracts at 2% (X) which are for fig. A, B, C, D, E: Dig1, Dig2, Circ1, Sp1, Uro1. In Fig. F, the corresponding protective efficiencies (from LC50 considered as zero efficiency) are calculated by the formulations at 24 h: 100 - [(100 - XR viability) × 100/(100 - R viability)] and at 48 h: 100 - [(100 - XXR viability) × 100/(100 - R viability)] and are represented by new colors for each product. In the table below, curative effects are calculated for 24 h by the difference RX - RM or RXX - RMM for 48 h. All experiments were repeated 3 times in triplicates. Statistically significant differences are calculated in comparison to M or to the LC50 for fig. F, and by a student t-test p < 0.01(**) and p < 0.05(*).