Bronchial asthma and COPD due to irritants in the workplace - an evidence-based approach

Baur, Xaver; Bakehe, Prudence; Vellguth, Henning

doi:10.1186/1745-6673-7-19

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology

Table 3 Overview of individual agents causing irritant-induced OA or occupational COPD

From: Bronchial asthma and COPD due to irritants in the workplace - an evidence-based approach

Agent CAS	Strength of evidence (modified RCGP three star grading)	Number of studies per agent	References
Acids
", acetic	*	3	[108, 157, 158]
64-19-7	*	3	[108, 157, 158]
", not specified	*()**	2	[30, 37]
", dodecanedioic	-	1	[159]
693-23-2-1	-	1	[159]
", various	-	1	[35]
", " (hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, nitric, perchloric, sulfuric)	-	1	[160]
", hydrochloric	*()**	6	[35, 99, 161, 162]
7647-01-0	*()**	6	[35, 99, 161, 162]
", hydrofluoric	-	1	[163]
7664-39-3	-	1	[163]
", sulfuric	*	3	[99, 109, 164]
7664-93-9	*	3	[99, 109, 164]
Acrylates
", not specified	-	1	[165]
", alkyl cyanoacrylates	*()**	4	[166–169]
", cyanoacrylate glue	-	1	[170]
", " [loctite]	*	4	[44, 169, 171, 172]
53858-53-0	*	4	[44, 169, 171, 172]
", methacrylates	*	1	[134]
", methyl 2-cyanoacrylate	-	3	[166, 169, 173]
137-05-3	-	3	[166, 169, 173]
", methylmethacrylate	-	2	[169, 174]
80-62-6	-	2	[169, 174]
Aluminum salts	*	1	[100]
aluminum fluoride: 7724-18-1
aluminum sulfate: 10043-01-3
2-Aminoethanol [2-ethanolamine]	-	1	[175]
141-43-5	-	1	[175]
Amino-ethyl-ethanolamine	-	1	[176]
111-41-1	-	1	[176]
3-Amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole	*()**	1	[177]
16691-43-3	*()**	1	[177]
Ammonia	*	6	[41, 178–182]
7664-41-7	*	6	[41, 178–182]
Ammonium chloride (triple salt)	-	1	[183]
12125-02-9	-	1	[183]
Ammonium thioglycolate	-	1	[184]
5421-46-5	-	1	[184]
Amprolium hydrochloride	-	1	[185]
137-88-2	-	1	[185]
Anhydrides
", various	*	2	[186, 187]
", dioctyl phthalate	-	1	[188]
117-81-7	-	1	[188]
", hexahydrophthalic	-	1	[189]
37226-48-5	-	1	[189]
", himic	-	1	[190]
2746-19-2	-	1	[190]
", maleic	-	2	[191, 192]
108-31-6	-	2	[191, 192]
", methyltetrahydrophthalic	-	1	[193]
26590-20-9	-	1	[193]
", phthalic anhydride	[]	5	[194–198]
85-44-9	[]	5	[194–198]
", pyromellitic dianhydride	-	1	[199]
89-32-7	-	1	[199]
", tetrachlorophthalic anhydride	*	4	[200], [201], [202], [203]
117-08-8	*	4	[200], [201], [202], [203]
", benzene-1, 2, 4- tricarboxylic acid 1,2-anhydride [trimellitic anhydride]	**	5	[197, 204–207]
552-30-7	**	5	[197, 204–207]
Aziridine, polyfunctional	*()**	2	[208, 209]
64265-57-2	*()**	2	[208, 209]
Azobisformamide [azodicarbonamide]	*	5	[210–214]
123-77-3	*	5	[210–214]
Benzalkonium chloride (fumes)	-	2	[215, 216]
8001-54-5	-	2	[215, 216]
1, 2-Benzisothiazoline-3-one (fumes)	-	1	[217]
2634-33-5	-	1	[217]
Bisulfite *, SO2*	-	1	[37]
SO2: 7446-09-5	-	1	[37]
Bromine, hydrobromic acid	-	1	[218]
Bromochlorodifluoromethane (Halon 1211)	-	1	[101]
353-59-3	-	1	[101]
Bromotrifluoromethane (Halon 1301)	-	1	[219]
75-63-8	-	1	[219]
Cadmium (fumes)	*	4	[68, 220–222]
7440-43-9	*	4	[68, 220–222]
Calcium carbonate [chalk powder]	-	1	[110]
Calcium oxide	-	1	[35]
1305-78-8	-	1	[35]
Captafol (chlorinated thiocarboximide fungicide)	-	1	[223]
2425-06-1	-	1	[223]
Carbon black dust	*	1	[224]
1333-86-4	*	1	[224]
Chloramine T (powder dust)	*()**	5	[225–229]
7080-50-4	*()**	5	[225–229]
Chlorhexidine	-	1	[230]
55-56-1	-	1	[230]
Chlorine	**	11	[35, 165, 231–239]
7782-50-5	**	11	[35, 165, 231–239]
Chromate (not specified)	*()**	9	[240, 241] [98, 242–247]
[see also cement]	*()**	9	[240, 241] [98, 242–247]
Cobalt	**	15	[74, 113, 247–259]
7440-48-4	**	15	[74, 113, 247–259]
3-(Diamino-amino)propylamine 3-(dimethylamino)propylamine]	*()**	1	[260]
109-55-7	*()**	1	[260]
Diamine, aliphatic + cycloaliphatic (hardener) 2855-13-2 (isophorone diamine)	-	1	[261]
Diazonium tetrafluoroborate 14239-22-6	-	2	[262, 263]
Dichlorodiethyl sulfide [mustard gas] +505-60-2	*()**	1	[264]
Dichlorvos (organophosphate)	-	2	[265, 266]
62-73-7	-	2	[265, 266]
Diethanolamine	-	1	[267]
111-42-2	-	1	[267]
2-Diethylaminoethanol [diethyl aminoethanol]	*()**	1	[268]
100-37-8	*()**	1	[268]
2-Dimethylaminoethanol [dimethyl ethanolamine]	-	2	[269, 270]
108-01-0	-	2	[269, 270]
Diinitrogen tetraoxide [dinitrogentetroxide]	*()**	1	[271]
10544-72-6	*()**	1	[271]
Ethylenediamine [ethylene diamine]	*	6	[168, 184, 272–275]
107-15-3	*	6	[168, 184, 272–275]
Ethylene oxide	-	2	[276, 277]
75-21-8	-	2	[276, 277]
Formaldehyde (gas, dust)	*	9	[278–283], [284, 285]
50-00-0	*	9	[278–283], [284, 285]
Freon, (freon-22)	-	2	[286, 287]
Glutaraldehyde [glutaral]	[]	9	[74, 83, 288–294]
11-30-8	[]	9	[74, 83, 288–294]
Hexachlorophene	-	1	[295]
70-30-4	-	1	[295]
Hexamethylenetetramine	*	3	[184, 296, 297]
100-97-0	*	3	[184, 296, 297]
Hydrazine	-	1	[30]
302-01-2	-	1	[30]
Iridium salt	-	1	[298]
Isocyanates, isocyanurate
", various (HDI, MDI, TDI)	**	11	[57, 83, 148, 149, 165, 281, 299–303]
", Diphenylmethane diisocyanate [MDI]	**	7	[304–310]
5873-54-1	**	7	[304–310]
", " prepolymers	-	1	[311]
", Hexamethylene diisocyanate [HDI]; plus isodurane Diisocyanate	*()**	3	[312, 313]
822-06-0			[312, 313]
", HDI biuret plus			[314]
4035-89-6			[314]
", 3-Isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate [isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI]	-	1	[315]
4098-71-9	-	1	[315]
", Methyl isocyanate [MIC]	*	6	[316–321]
624-83-9	*	6	[316–321]
", 1,5-Naphthylene diisocyanate [NDI]	*()**	[46]	[322–324]
3173-72-6	*()**	[46]	[322–324]
", Polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate	*	1	[325]
9016-87-9	*	1	[325]
", Toluene diisocyanate, TDI 2,4: 584-84-9;	**	12	[35, 125, 165, 326–334]
2,6:91-08-7	**	12	[35, 125, 165, 326–334]
", Triglycidil isocyanurate	-	1	[335]
2451-62-1	-	1	[335]
", Triphenylmethane triisocyanate	-	1	[336]
Isothiazolinone	-	1	[337]
55965-84-9	-	1	[337]
Lauryl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride	-	1	[338]
139-07-1	-	1	[338]
Metam sodium [methyldithiocarbamate]	-	1	[102]
144-54-7	-	1	[102]
Methylmercaptan	-	1	[165]
74-93-1	-	1	[165]
Monoethanolamine	-	1	[184]
141-43-5	-	1	[184]
N-methylmorpholine	*[]**	1	[339]
109-02-4	*[]**	1	[339]
Nickel sulphate	*()**	5	[246, 340–343]
→anhydrous 7786-81-4
→hexahydrate 10101-97-0
Ninhydrin 485-47-2	-	1	[335]
Nitrogen chloride [nitrogen trichloride, trichloramine]	*[]**	2	[150, 344]
10025-85-1	*[]**	2	[150, 344]
Ozone (gassings)	*	1	[345]
10028-15-6	*	1	[345]
Palladium	-	1	[346]
7440-05-3	-	1	[346]
Paraphenylenediamine	*()**	1	[347]
106-50-3	*()**	1	[347]
Paraquat	*	2	[128, 151]
4685-14-7	*	2	[128, 151]
Persulfate
", not specified	*()**	2	[348, 349]
", ammonium	-	1	[350]
", potassium (7727-21-1) and ammonium peroxydisufate	*[]**	5	[351]
(7727-54-0)	*[]**	5	[351]
", alcalic	-	1	[352]
", Sodium persulfate	-	1	[353]
7775-27-1	-	1	[353]
", Dipotassium peroxo-peroxodisulfate [potassium persulfate] 7727-21-1	-	1	[354]
", Diammonium peroxodisulfate [ammonium persulfate]	*	4	[355–357]
7727-54-0	*	4	[355–357]
Phenylglycine acid chloride	*	1	[358]
39478-47-2	*	1	[358]
Phosgene	-	2	[35, 359]
75-44-5	-	2	[35, 359]
Piperazine dihydrochloride	*	3	[130, 176, 274]
142-64-3	*	3	[130, 176, 274]
Platinum salts	**	8	[131, 176, 360–365]
(7440-06-4)	**	8	[131, 176, 360–365]
Polyethylene	-	3	[366–368]
9002-88-4	-	3	[366–368]
Polymethyl-methacrylate [plexiglas powder]	-	1	[369]
9011-14-7	-	1	[369]
Polypropylene, heated to 250 °C	*[]**	2	[370, 371]
9003-07-0	*[]**	2	[370, 371]
Polyvinyl chloride (fume)	*	8	[53, 372–376] [377, 378]
9002-86-2	*	8	[53, 372–376] [377, 378]
Potassium dichromate	*()**	1	[379]
7778-50-9 ( see also chromium;cement)	*()**	1	[379]
Potassium aluminum tetrafluoride	*()**	1	[380]
14484-69-6	*()**	1	[380]
Rosin core solder, thermal decomposition [colophony]	*	6	[74, 83, 381–383]
8050-09-7	*	6	[74, 83, 381–383]
Sodium azide (powder dust)	-	1	[384]
26628-22-8	-	1	[384]
Sodium iso-nonanoyl oxybenzene sulphonate [SINOS] 123354-92-7	*()**	3	[385–387]
Sodium metabisulfite [metabisulfite sodium]	*()**	6	[103, 388–392]
7681-57-4	*()**	6	[103, 388–392]
Styrene monomer	*()**	3	[132, 393, 394]
100-42-5	*()**	3	[132, 393, 394]
Sulfur dioxide	[]	5	[35, 154, 395–397]
7446-09-5	[]	5	[35, 154, 395–397]
Sulfathiazole	-	1	[398]
72-14-0	-	1	[398]
Terpene (3-carene)	-	2	[399, 400]
13466-78-9	-	2	[399, 400]
Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (fungicide)	-	1	[401]
Tetrahydrothiophene	-	1	[402]
110-01-0	-	1	[402]
Tetramethrin [1-(5-tretrazoly)- 4-guanyl-tetrazene hydrate] 7696-12-0	-	2	[338, 403]
Tributyl tin oxide [carpet fungicide]	-	1	[404]
Triethanolamine	-	1	[175]
102-71-6	-	1	[175]
Tungsten carbide	-	1	[405]
11130-73-7	-	1	[405]
Tylosin tartrate	-	1	[406]
Uranium hexafluoride	-	2	[30, 407]
7783-81-5	-	2	[30, 407]
Urea (fume)	-	1	[104]
57-13-6	-	1	[104]
Urea formaldehyde foam	-	1	[408]
64869-57-4/
Phenol-formaldehyde resin
9003-35-4
Vanadium 7440-62-2 + divanadium pentoxide	*	5	[84, 409–412]
1314-62-1	*	5	[84, 409–412]
Zinc (fume)	-	3	[413–415]
7440-66-6	-	3	[413–415]
Zinc chloride (fume)	-	1	[183]
7646-85-7	-	1	[183]
Mixed agent	Evidence level	Number of studies per agent
Acid fluxes	-	1	[74]
Acrylic acid	-	1	[166]
Airbag content	-	1	[416]
Bleaching agent (fumes)	-	1	[99]
Cement	**	14	[111, 133, 235, 417–427]
65997-15-1	**	14	[111, 133, 235, 417–427]
Chlorofluorocarbons	*()**	2	[428, 429]
(degradation products)	*()**	2	[428, 429]
Cleaning agents (not specified)	[]	9	[15, 37, 41, 112, 135, 430–433]
", detergents	-	2	[434, 435]
Coffee, green	*	5	[436–440]
Cotton (dust, raw)	[]	(12)	[48, 114–116, 423, 441–447]
CNT 750	[]	(12)	[48, 114–116, 423, 441–447]
Cutting oil	-	2	[37, 448]
Diesel exhaust	*	5	[10, 45, 46, 105, 106]
ECG ink	-	2	[449, 450]
Endotoxin (see also cotton dust, swine confinement, poultry confinement, house dust)	*	2	[41, 451]
Environmental tobacco smoke	**	10	[117, 118, 138–143, 452, 453]
Floor sealant (aromatic hydrocarbons)	-	1	[30]
Fumigating agent	-	1	[30]
Furan-based binder	-	1	[454]
Grain	**	9	[48, 122–124, 455–459]
", rice	*[]**	1	[460]
Hairdressing chemicals	*()**	1	[281]
Lubricants (not specified)	*()**	2	[10, 57]
Metal coat remover (coating removing chemical)	-	1	[30]
Metal oxide (fume)	-	1	[461]
Metal working fluids [MWF]	-	1	[462]
Oil (spill)	*	1	[126]
Paint (fumes)	*	4	[35, 127, 463, 464]
Paper dust A111	*()**	1	[48]
Perfume agents (research lab)	-	1	[37, 465]
Pesticides (not specified)	[]	5	[129, 152, 266, 466, 467]
Polyamines, aliphatic	*[]**	1	[468]
Polyester	*()**	2	[469, 470]
Potroom aluminum smelting	[]	10	[52, 247, 471–478]
Powder paints	*()**	1	[479]
Pyrazolone (see reactive dye)	-	1	[480]
Reactive dyes	*	5	[481–485]
Refractory ceramic fibers [RCF]	*	2	[486, 487]
Smoke (fires, pyrolysis products)	[]	5	[30, 41, 488–490]
", (oil fire and dust storm)	*	1	[491]
", (biomass, indoor)	*()**	1	[492]
Soldering flux (fumes)	*	4	[183, 493–495]
Solvents (not specified)	*	4	[10, 48, 496, 497]
Spray paint	-	1	[30]
Tall oil	-	1	[498]
Tear gas	-	4	[499–502]
Welding fumes	**	18	[41, 48, 57, 83, 247, 281, 464, 503–513]
Work-site or profession	Evidence level	Number of studies per work-site or profession
Ceramic production	[]	2	[514, 515]
Cleaners
Construction work (dust, agent not specified)	**	5	[8, 107, 136, 516, 517]
Farming
", (various)	[]	9	[119, 120, 144–146, 518–521]
", animals (pig, beef/veal, dairy, poultry)	**	3	[522–524]
Foundry	[]	4	[121, 147, 525, 526]
[see also isocyanates (MDI)]	[]	4	[121, 147, 525, 526]
Health care workers	[]	4	[23, 527–529]
Metallurgical industry workers	*	1	[530]
Poultry confinement	()	4	[153, 531–533]
Poultry confinement, slaughtery house	*	3	[534–536]
Swine confinement	**	8	[39, 40, 141, 155, 537–540]
World Trade Center disaster 2001	**	8	[133, 156, 541–546]

[ ] down-grading due to lower quality of clinical investigations relative to the scale of the scientific level of the study.
(*) up-grading due to at least 5 cases without contradictory findings.

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