Table 2 Number of chemical and biological hazards to which workers may be exposed in each major ISCO occupational group
From: Chemical and biological work-related risks across occupations in Europe: a review
Hazard type | ISCO 0 | ISCO 2 | ISCO 3 | ISCO 4 | ISCO 5 | ISCO 6 | ISCO 7 | ISCO 8 | ISCO 9 | Industrial uses or work settings | Some implied costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carcinogens | NA | 7 | 23 | NA | 4 | 5 | 6 | 37 | 8 | Manufacture of rubber, plastics, dyes, steel, inks, textiles, paper and batteries, semiconductors, glass, and cement; in construction activities such as building demolition, roofing, painting, and stonework; in such processes or work tasks involving incomplete combustion of organic material, and mining activities involving nickel, lignite and haematite mining | Annual societal costs of occupational cancer: 126000 EUR per case [34] |
Skin sensitisers | 7 | 16 | 106 | 1 | 21 | 21 | 10 | 106 | 11 | In the rubber industry as antioxidants, accelerators, and vulcanization agents, in the production of dyes, epoxy resins, textiles, paints, cosmetics, foods; in the pharmaceutical industry, and the production of pesticides | Annual societal costs of hand eczema: 8798 EUR per case [43] |
Airway sensitisers | NA | 2 | 14 | NA | NA | 8 | 2 | 15 | 1 | Production of plastics, paper, resins, textiles, cosmetics, dyes, and in the metallurgic, food and agricultural industry | Annual societal costs of occupational asthma: 2900 EUR per case [69] |
Mutagenic (category 2) | NA | NA | 5 | NA | NA | 1 | NA | 5 | 1 | Production of plastics, textile fibres; as additives and intermediates | Societal costs associated with heritable diseases |
Toxic for fertility | 1 | 1 | 10 | NA | 1 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 3 | Production of plastics, inks, textiles, pigments, adhesives; as intermediates and solvents | Societal costs of reduced fertility |
Toxic for development | 1 | 1 | 31 | NA | 3 | 9 | 10 | 32 | 17 | Production of adhesives, textiles, dyes, insecticides, lubricants, varnishes, cutting fluids, cements, cellulose; in the rubber and plastics industry; as solvents | Societal costs of congenital malformations |
Biological | 1 | 23 | 21 | NA | 18 | 20 | 10 | 4 | 17 | Healthcare, biotechnology, agriculture, forestry, outdoor tasks, military | Societal costs of several infectious diseases |
Total hazards | 10 | 50 | 210 | 1 | 47 | 66 | 41 | 210 | 58 | 693 exposures to chemical and biological hazards |