Table 2 Overview of typical diesel fuel types
From: Particulate emissions from diesel engines: correlation between engine technology and emissions
Diesel fuel type | Typical methods | Typical properties | Influence on soot formation |
|---|---|---|---|
Mineral-oil-based diesel fuel | ● Petroleum distillation | ● Sulfur content | ● Soot formation proportional to sulfur content |
● Mixture of approx. 200 hydrocarbons (alkanes, olefins, cycloalkans, aromatics) | ● Aromatics content | ||
● Boiling curve | |||
● Low H/C ratio | ● Soot formation increases in the following sequence: Alkanes → Cycloalkanes → Olefines → Aromatics | ||
Bio-fuel 1st generation | ● Transesterification of vegetable oils | ● No sulfur content ● No aromatics | ● O2 content causes low soot formation |
● FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) | ● ~10% oxygen content | ● Increased SOF portion in the particles | |
● High boiling point | |||
Bio-fuel 2nd generation & gas to liquid | ● Fischer-Tropsch process | ● No or very low sulfur and aromatics content | ● Low particle formation due to low sulfur and aromatics content and high H/C ratio |
-Biomass to liquid (BtL) | |||
-Gas to liquid (GtL) | ● No oxygen content | ||
● Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) | ● High H/C ratio | ||
● High cetane number | |||
● Low spec. density |