Use of alcohol and drugs among health professionals in Norway: a study using data from questionnaires and samples of oral fluid

Edvardsen, Hilde Marie Erøy; Karinen, Ritva; Moan, Inger Synnøve; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Christophersen, Asbjørg Solberg; Gjerde, Hallvard

doi:10.1186/1745-6673-9-8

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology

Table 1 The analytes and their LLOQ values, with prevalence in per cent of all tests and in per cent of all positive tests (n = 907)

From: Use of alcohol and drugs among health professionals in Norway: a study using data from questionnaires and samples of oral fluid

Compound	Description	LLOQ value^d(ng/mL)	Prevalence of all tests (%)	Prevalence of all positive tests (%)
6-Acetylmorphine (6-AM)	Metabolite of heroin	0.46	0	0
Alcohol		0.060 g/L	0	0
Alprazolam	Benzodiazepine^e; anxiolytic	0.19	0	0
7-Aminoclonazepam (7-AC)	Metabolite of clonazepam^e	0.17	0	0
7-Aminoflunitrazepam (7-AF)	Metabolite of flunitrazepam^e	0.060	0	0
7-Aminonitrazepam (7-AN)	Metabolite of nitrazepam^e	0.15	0	0
Amphetamine	Stimulant^c	1.5	0	0
Benzoylecgonine	Metabolite of cocaine	3.3	0.11	1.4
Buprenorphine	Opioid^e used as analgesia and for opioid dependence	0.94	0.11	1.4
Clonazepam	Benzodiazepine^c,e; anticonvulsant, anxiolytic	0.19	0	0
Cocaine	Stimulant^b	0.42	0.22	2.7
Codeine	Opioid analgesic^e, antitussive	0.60	0.55	6.8
Diazepam	Benzodiazepine^e; anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative	0.11	1.2	4.1
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG)	Metabolite of alcohol	5.7	0.3	4.1
Fenazepam	Benzodiazepine^c,e; anxiolytic^a	0.21	0	0
Fentanyl	Opioid analgesic^e	0.20	0	0
Flunitrazepam	Benzodiazepine^e; anxiolytic^a	0.060	0	0
3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)	Illegal psychedelic hallucinogenic drug	8.6	0	0
Methadone	Opioid^e used mainly for opioid dependence, but also for analgesia	3.5	0	0
Methamphetamine	Stimulant^b	1.7	0.11	1.4
Morphine	Opioid analgesic^e, also metabolite of codeine and heroin	1.3	0.22	2.7
Nitrazepam	Benzodiazepine^e; anxiolytic	0.17	0	0
Nordiazepam	Metabolite of diazepam^e	0.11	1.1	14
Oxazepam	Benzodiazepine^e; anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and metabolite of diazepam	0.17	1.3	16
Oxycodone	Opioid analgesic^e	2.1	0	0
Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)	Cannabis^c	0.63	0.11	1.4
Tramadol	Opioid analgesic^e	8.8	0.11	1.4
Zolpidem	Short acting z-hypnotic^e	0.43	0.33	4.1
Zopiclone	Short acting z-hypnotic^e	0.54	4.0	50
Benzodiazepines			3.1	37.8
Illicit drugs			0.6	6.8
Opioids			1.0	12.2
Medicinal drugs			7.3	89.2
Z-hypnotics			4.4	54.1
Total positive of all workers			8.2	100

Note:^aNot marketed in Norway, ^bIllegal in Norway, ^cMostly used illegally in Norway, ^dConcentrations in neat OF, ^eClassified as a medicinal drug.

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ISSN: 1745-6673

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