Use of alcohol and drugs by employees in selected business areas in Norway: a study using oral fluid testing and questionnaires

Table 2 Substances analysed in oral fluid, cut-off concentrations and prevalence above cut-off concentrations

Compound	Description	Cut-off^c ng/mL	Prevalence % (n)
6-Acetylmorphine	Metabolite of heroin	1.3	0.0 (0)
Alcohol		0.10 g/L	0.04 (1)
Alprazolam	Benzodiazepine; anxiolytic	0.62	0.0 (0)
7-Aminoclonazepam	Metabolite of clonazepam	0.71	0.0 (0)
7-Aminoflunitrazepam	Metabolite of flunitrazepam	0.17	0.0 (0)
7-Aminonitrazepam	Metabolite of nitrazepam	0.63	0.0 (0)
Amphetamine	Stimulant^a	24	0.09 (2)
Benzoylecgonine	Metabolite of cocaine	9.8	0.04 (1)
Clonazepam	Benzodiazepine; anticonvulsant, anxiolytic	0.63	0.0 (0)
Cocaine	Stimulant^b	1.8	0.04 (1)
Codeine	Opioid analgesic, antitussive	7.5	0.3 (6)
Diazepam	Benzodiazepine; anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative	0.40	0.7 (16)
Flunitrazepam	Benzodiazepine; anxiolytic	0.31	0.0 (0)
3,4-Methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)	Psychedelic hallucinogenic drug^b	26	0.0 (0)
Methadone	Opioid used mainly for opioid dependence, but also for analgesia	11	0.0 (0)
Methamphetamine	Stimulant^b	15	0.1 (3)
Morphine	Opioid analgesic, also metabolite of codeine and heroin	7.1	0.2 (4)
Nitrazepam	Benzodiazepine; anxiolytic	0.56	0.0 (0)
Nordiazepam	Metabolite of diazepam	0.68	0.3 (6)
Oxazepam	Benzodiazepine; anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and metabolite of diazepam	4.9	0.04 (1)
∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)	Cannabis^a	0.63	0.7 (16)
Zolpidem	Short acting hypnotic	1.2	0.09 (2)
Zopiclone	Short acting hypnotic	1.6	1.9 (43)

^aMostly used illegally in Norway
^bIllegal in Norway
^cConcentrations in neat oral fluid above which the analytical findings were regarded as positive

ISSN: 1745-6673