Table 1 Characteristics of the respondents according to their work-related diabetes distress

Gender n (%)

<0.001^a

 Male

430 (56.1)

150 (34.9)

213 (49.5)

67 (15.6)

 Female

337 (43.9)

80 (23.7)

166 (49.3)

91 (27.0)

Age, years (mean ± SD)

36.2 ± 12.4

34.4±12.9

36.3±11.8

38.7±12.6

0.004^b

Marital status, n (%)

0.895^a

 Married or cohabiting

478 (62.3)

142 (29.7)

235 (49.2)

101 (21.1)

 Unmarried, divorced, widowed

289 (37.7)

88 (30.4)

144 (49.8)

57 (19.7)

Duration of diabetes, years (mean ± SD)

8.5 ± 4.8

9.1±4.7

8.1±4.8

8.6±4.7

0.050^b

Educational level, n (%)

0.003^a

 Basic education

182 (23.7)

60 (33.0)

78 (42.9)

44 (24.2)

 Vocational school

264 (34.4)

68 (25.8)

142 (53.8)

54 (20.5)

 Technical or vocational college

217 (28.3)

56 (25.8)

112 (51.6)

49 (22.6)

 University or university of applied science

104 (13.6)

46 (44.2)

47 (45.2)

11 (10.6)

Employment, n (%)

0.318^a

 Entrepreneur

68 (8.9)

16 (23.5)

34 (50.0)

18 (26.5)

 Employee

699 (91.1)

214 (30.6)

345 (49.4)

140 (20.0)

Type of work, n (%)

0.016^a

 Mental work

324 (42.2)

115 (35.5)

150 (46.3)

59 (18.2)

 Physical work

443 (57.8)

115 (26.0)

229 (51.7)

99 (22.3)

Problems with physical work conditions, n (%)

<0.001^a

 Not present/no harm/cannot say

469 (61.1)

198 (42.2)

220 (46.9)

51 (10.9)

 Troubles a little

248 (32.3)

29 (11.7)

145 (58.5)

74 (29.8)

 Troubles a lot

50 (6.5)

3 (6.0)

14 (28.0)

33 (66.0)

Problems with psychosocial work conditions, n (%)

<0.001^a

 Not present/no harm/cannot say

415 (54.1)

176 (42.4)

193 (46.5)

46 (11.1)

 Troubles a little

263 (34.3)

45 (17.1)

150 (57.0)

68 (25.9)

 Troubles a lot

89 (11.6)

9 (10.1)

36 (40.4)

44 (49.4)

Job demands, points (mean ± SD)

15.5 ± 4.0

14.1±3.6

15.5±3.8

17.4±4.3

<0.001^b

Depressive symptoms, points (mean ± SD)

2.6 ± 0.9

2.2±0.5

2.6±0.8

3.3±0.9

<0.001^b

Work ability, points (mean ± SD)

8.1 ± 1.7

8.8±1.3

8.2±1.5

6.8±2.1

<0.001^b

General stress, n (%)

<0.001^a

 No

61 (8.0)

38 (62.3)

20 (32.8)

3 (4.9)

 Little

221 (28.8)

76 (34.4)

121 (54.8)

24 (10.9)

 Somewhat

322 (42.0)

92 (28.6)

168 (52.2)

62 (19.3)

 Quite a lot

127 (16.6)

20 (15.7)

57 (44.9)

50 (39.4)

 Very much

36 (4.7)

4 (11.1)

13 (36.1)

19 (52.8)

HbA1c level^c, n (%)

<0.001^a

 ≤ 60 mmol/mol (≤7.5 %)

255 (33.2)

90 (35.3)

131 (51.4)

34 (13.3)

 61–70 mmol/mol (7.6 %–8.5 %)

271 (35.3)

85 (31.4)

135 (49.8)

51 (18.8)

 71–80 mmol/mol (8.6 %–9.5 %)

176 (22.9)

43 (24.4)

86 (48.9)

47 (26.7)

 ≥ 81 mmol/mol (≥ 9.6 %)

65 (8.5)

12 (18.5)

27 (41.5)

26 (40.0)

High blood glucose level at work, n (%)

<0.001^a

 Never

148 (19.3)

94 (63.5)

42 (28.4)

12 (8.1)

 Quite seldom

208 (27.1)

68 (32.7)

120 (57.7)

20 (9.6)

 Sometimes

226 (29.5)

45 (19.9)

133 (58.8)

48 (21.2)

 Quite often

150 (19.6)

20 (13.3)

74 (49.3)

56 (37.3)

 Always

35 (4.6)

3 (1.3)

10 (28.6)

22 (62.9)

Difficulty in accepting Type 1 diabetes, n (%)

<0.001^a

 No

568 (74.1)

211 (37.1)

271 (47.7)

86 (15.1)

 Yes, a little

160 (20.9)

16 (10.0)

96 (60.0)

48 (30.0)

 Yes, a lot

39 (5.1)

3 (7.7)

12 (30.8)

24 (61.5)

Severe hypoglycemia events in 12 months prior to enrollment, n (%)

0.023^a

 No

593 (77.3)

183 (30.9)

300 (50.6)

110 (18.5)

 Once

89 (11.6)

26 (29.2)

41 (46.1)

22 (24.7)

 2–3 times

53 (6.9)

17 (32.1)

24 (45.3)

12 (22.6)

 More often

32 (4.2)

4 (12.5)

14 (43.8)

14 (43.8)