Table 1 Characteristics of study sample (n = 3805)
From: Daily commuting to work is not associated with variables of health
Short commute (n = 1133) <20 min | Middle commute (n = 1970) 20–44.9 min | Long commute (n = 363) 45–59.9 min | Very long commute (n = 339) ≥60 min | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographics | |||||
Age (years) | 39.5 ± 11.1 | 42.2 ± 11.3 | 41.2 ± 11.5 | 40.5 ± 11.4 | <0.001 |
Gender (% female) | 21.9 | 19.0 | 30.3 | 21.2 | <0.001 |
Marital status (% cohabitated) | 69.5 | 75.2 | 76.6 | 74.0 | 0.002 |
Single earner (%) | 78.3 | 78.4 | 73.4 | 76.8 | n.s. |
Shiftwork (%) | 11.7 | 10.6 | 5.8 | 3.0 | <0.001 |
Self-rated variables | |||||
Current smoking (%) | 19.7 | 17.8 | 17.1 | 18.0 | n.s. |
Absenteeism (days per year) | n.s. | ||||
0 (%) | 18.4 | 17.4 | 17.6 | 19.8 | |
1–3 (%) | 33.3 | 30.7 | 32.1 | 35.1 | |
4–10 (%) | 24.0 | 24.0 | 24.3 | 23.1 | |
11–30 (%) | 14.7 | 15.3 | 16.2 | 12.6 | |
>30 (%) | 5.5 | 7.3 | 3.6 | 4.5 | |
Presenteeism (days per year) | n.s. | ||||
0 (%) | 26.0 | 27.2 | 27.0 | 27.9 | |
1–3 (%) | 25.9 | 23.6 | 25.6 | 21.9 | |
4–10 (%) | 18.4 | 19.5 | 17.8 | 22.8 | |
11–30 (%) | 13.8 | 14.9 | 12.8 | 12.0 | |
>30 (%) | 9.1 | 8.3 | 10.0 | 9.3 | |
SF-12 mental health score (0–100) | 47.5 ± 9.4 | 48.0 ± 9.3 | 46.8 ± 10.0 | 47.3 ± 9.8 | n.s. |
SF-12 physical health score (0–100) | 53.0 ± 6.6 | 51.7 ± 7.2 | 52.0 ± 7.3 | 52.9 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
Perceived stress (5–25) | 13.4 ± 3.8 | 13.6 ± 3.8 | 13.9 ± 4.0 | 13.6 ± 4.0 | n.s.a |
Exhaustion (0–36) | 13.8 ± 4.8 | 13.9 ± 4.8 | 14.2 ± 5.1 | 14.0 ± 4.9 | n.s. |
Sleep quality (4–24) | 5.1 ± 3.8 | 5.4 ± 4.1 | 5.3 ± 3.8 | 4.9 ± 3.7 | n.s.a |
Clinically assessed variables | |||||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136 ± 13.9 | 136 ± 13.7 | 136 ± 14.7 | 135 ± 12.6 | n.s.b |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 11.4 | 79 ± 11.2 | 79 ± 12.0 | 78 ± 11.2 | 0.035 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.7 ± 11.5 | 91.7 ± 11.9 | 90.1 ± 12.7 | 91.3 ± 12.6 | <0.001c |
Body-mass-index (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.8 | 23.7 ± 3.8 | 23.2 ± 4.0 | 23.4 ± 3.8 | 0.002b |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | n.s. |
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%) | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | n.s. |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 0.018a |
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.003a |
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/l) | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 0.005a |
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/l) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.020c |
C-reactive protein, high-sensitive (nmol/l) | 16.2 ± 33.3 | 16.2 ± 39.0 | 16.2 ± 37.1 | 15.2 ± 26.7 | n.s.c |
Heart rate variability (RMSSD in msec) | 30.6 ± 13.7 | 29.6 ± 12.5 | 29.9 ± 12.7 | 30.4 ± 13.7 | n.s.c |