Table 1 Sample characteristics for individuals included in fixed effects regressions (Wave 2009 and 2013, pooled; 2140 observations)

Age (in years)

48.3

9.4

46.2

9.3

Married, living together with spouse

372

25.2%

288

43.4%

Self-rated health (from 1 = “very good” to 5 = “bad”)

2.5

0.8

2.5

0.8

Number of chronic diseases

0.4

0.7

0.5

0.7

Number of chronic diseases: 0

944

64.0%

422

63.5%

Number of chronic diseases: 1

420

28.4%

182

27.4%

Number of chronic diseases: 2

94

6.4%

43

6.5%

Number of chronic diseases: 3

16

1.1%

16

2.4%

Number of chronic diseases: > 3

2

0.1%

1

0.2%

- Agreeableness

15.4

2.9

16.0

2.9

- Conscientiousness

17.6

2.5

18.2

2.4

- Extraversion

14.5

3.3

15.4

3.3

- Openness to experience

13.6

3.3

14.2

3.5

- Neuroticism

10.1

3.4

11.3

3.5

Physician visits in the preceding 3 months

2.1

3.2

2.5

3.0

 Top management

319

21.6%

91

13.7%

 Middle management

416

28.2%

161

24.3%

 Lower management

477

32.3%

283

42.6%

 Highly qualified specialist position

264

17.9%

129

19.4%