Table 3 Risk factors for work-related MSD in hairdressers

 - working in static postures

WRMSD

–

91%

Aweto et al. (2015) [41]

 - bending or twisting back

WRMSD

–

28%

 - constantly twisting the spine

WRMSD

–

53%

Cruz et al. (2015) [42]

 - bending the spine forward > 50% of the time

back pain

–

sig. Correlation (p < 0.001)

Puckree (2009) [52]

 - awkward back postures (back is bent or twisted)

WRMSD

–

64%

Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38]

 - working postures

WRMSD and diagnosis

–

81 and 5%

Leino et al. (1999) [12]

 - uncomfortable postures (body, neck, shoulders)

WRMSD

yes vs. no

OR 2.8 (95%CI 1.4–5.5)^b

Mussi et al. (2008) [48]

 - working with spinal rotation

WRULD

yes vs. no

OR 2.1, p < 0.05 ^b

DeSmet et al. (2009) [43]

 - awkward back postures

back pain

yes vs. no

RR >10^c

Hassan et al. (2015) [14]

 - working in static postures 6–8 h/day

WRMSD

VDU vs. HD work

OR 1.6 (95%CI 1.1–2.2)^c

Douwes et al. (2001) [45]

 - repetition of a task

WRMSD

–

71%

Aweto et al. (2015) [41]

 - repetitive movements

WRMSD and diagnosis

–

66 and 5%

Leino et al. (1999) [12]

 - position of arms at or above shoulder level

back pain

–

sig. Correlation (p < 0.001)

Puckree (2009) [52]

 - working with equipment above shoulder level

WRMSD

–

63%

Cruz et al. (2015) [42]

 - strenuous shoulder movements

shoulder pain / hand/wrist pain

yes vs. no

OR 6.0 (95%CI 1.7–21.5)^b /

OR 25.3 (95%CI 2.8–229.1)^b

Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38]

 - strenuous shoulder movements

neck pain / shoulder pain

yes vs. no

RR 2.4 (95%CI 1.4–4.1)^c /

RR 3.5 (95% CI 2.0–6.0)^c

Hassan et al. (2015) [14]

 - working with elevated arms

shoulder pain (score)

% working time > 60°

% working time > 60° > 5 s

RR 1.3 (95%CI 1.1–1.5)^b /

RR 2.0 (95%CI 1.5–2.6)^b

Hanvold et al. (2015) [36]

 - working with hands above shoulder level 6–8 h/day

WRMSD

VDU vs. HD work

OR 8.4 (95%CI 4.1–15.8)^c

Douwes et al. (2001) [45]

 - frequent elbow movements 6–8 h/day

WRMSD

OR 2.4 (95%CI 1.7–3.3)^c

 - extreme wrist extension/flexion 6–8 h/day

WRMSD

OR 2.6 (95%CI 1.4–4.8)^c

 - frequent manual material handling

neck pain / hand/wrist pain

yes vs. no

RR 3.1 (95%CI 1.4–6.8)^c /

RR 2.6 (95%CI 1.3–4.9)^c

Hassan et al. (2015) [14]

 - frequent manual material handling

neck pain / knee pain

yes vs. no

OR 12.6 (95%CI 2.1–75.5)^b /

OR 6.4 (95%CI 1.9–21.4)^b

Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38]

 - stress and working overtime

WRMSD

–

83 and 97%

Cruz et al.(2015) [42]

 - no adequate uninterrupted breaks between clients

WRMSD

–

30%

Douwes et al. (2001) [45]

 - no adequate rest breaks

WRMSD

–

72.4%

Aweto et al. (2015) [41]

 - large number of clients per day and working overtime

WRMSD

–

92 and 94%

 - working at physical limit

WRMSD

–

34%

 - large number of clients per day

WRULD

< 8 vs. 10–15 clients

OR 6.7, p < 0.01^b

DeSmet et al. (2009) [43]

 - excessive work

WRULD

low vs. very high

OR 6.1, p < 0.01^b

 - high perceived exertion

knee pain

yes vs. no

OR 5.3 (95%CI 1.4–21)^b

Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38]

 - high job demands

hand/wrist pain

yes vs. no

OR 7.6 (95%CI 1.8–32.1)^b

 - putting intense effort on hands

WRMSD

–

63%

Cruz et al.(2015) [42]

 - high mechanical workload

neck and shoulder pain / workload levels

workload score (0–24) /

HD & EL vs. media & design trainees

RR 1.01 (95%CI 1.00–1.02)^{d, b} RR 1.36 (95%CI 1.3–1.5)^{d, b}

Hanvold et al. (2014) [35]

 - high sustained muscle activity

shoulder pain (score)

muscle activity (0–100%)^e

median 52% (range 24–91%) r 0.2, p < 0.001

Hanvold et al. (2015) [36]

 - standing during work > 75% of the time

back pain

–

sig. Correlation (p < 0.01)

Puckree (2009) [52]

 - prolonged standing

WRMSD and diagnosis

–

65 and 1%

Leino et al. (1999) [12]

 - prolonged standing

feet/leg pain / knee pain

yes vs. no

RR 5.3 (95%CI 1.8–15.4)^c /

RR 21.0 (95%CI 2.8–156.7)^c

Hassan et al. (2015) [14]

 - prolonged standing and sitting

hand/wrist pain

yes vs. no

OR 55.7 (95%CI 8.8–354.9)^b

Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38]

 - > 15 years in the profession

WRMSD

< 5 vs. 15–45 years

OR 3.0 (95%CI 1.2–7.9)^b

Mussi et al. (2008) [48]

 - years of work experience

DASH score / NPDI score

–

r 0.7, /r 0.7, p < 0.001

Kaushik & Patra (2014) [37]

 - lack of acknowledgment and uncomfortable postures

WRMSD

1–23 vs. 29–35 score

OR 3.5 (95%CI 1.5–8.3)^b

Mussi et al. (2008) [48]

 - mental stress

WRMSD and diagnosis

–

51 and 2%

Leino et al. (1999) [12]

 - burnout

WRULD

low vs. very high

OR 8.6, p < 0.001^b

DeSmet et al. (2009) [43]

 - bordering ambient temperature (high)

WRULD

yes vs. no

OR 2.5, p < 0.05^b

 - female gender

WRULD

female vs. male

OR 3.1, p < 0.05^b

 - sudden movements

WRMSD

–

12%

Aweto et al. (2015) [41]

 - low co-worker support

back pain/ hand/wrist pain

yes vs. no

OR 7.6 (95%CI 1.8–32.1)^b /

OR 5.1 (95%CI 1.2–21.4)^b

Tsigonia et al. (2009) [38]

 - hair styling

WRULD

REBA index ^f (% high & very high risk for MSD)

69%

Mahdavi et al. (2013) [46]

 - hair dying

WRULD

66%

 - hair cutting

WRULD

64%

 - trimming face

WRULD

62%

 - doing make up

WRULD

53%

 - trimming eye brows

WRULD

49%

 - shampooing hair at least 50%/day

WRMSD

OCRA index^g

index 5.0

Mastrominico et al. (2007) [54]

 - cutting hair at least 50%/day

WRMSD

index 8.1

 - styling hair at least 50%/day

WRMSD

index 9.4

 - dying hair at least 50%/day

WRMSD

index 9.0