Table 1 Review on hazardous drug contamination of surfaces in healthcare settings. Analytes include 5-FU 5-fluorouracil, CP Cyclophosphamide, DX Docetaxel, GM Gemcitabine, IF Ifosphamide, MT Methotrexate, PX Paclitaxel, Pt Platinum compounds. Note: Pt-compound are not covered by the TTC-concept

Pharmacy

CP

114

0.0027–0.0055 pg/cm²

[18]

closed system drug transfer device

CP, IF, MT

219

ND-0.751 ng/cm² (median)

[19]

after refitting laboratory (but also new technicians)

CP

6

65 ng/cm² (57–110 ng/cm²)

[20]

high cleaning efficacy

CP, IF, 5-FU

264

0.03–186.8 ng/cm²

[21]

use of CSTD, means below 2 ng/cm²

CP

75

< 0.0015–11 ng/cm²

[22]

no use of CSTD, means below 0.02 ng/cm²

CP, IF, GM

109

<LOD-17.4 ng/cm² (mean)

[23]

CP, Pt

50

5–368 pg/cm²

[24]

protective measures (contamination and cleaning)

CP

152

3.91–153 pg/cm² (75% percentile)

[25]

annual setting of goals for surface contamination

CP

193

4.3–81.5 pg/cm² (75% percentile)

[26]

CP, 5-FU

104

0.002–0.018 ng/cm² (median)

[27]

before use of CSTD

CP

60

0.01–0.06 ng/cm² (median)

[28]

use of CSTD for 1 and 8 months

CP

248

0.005–0.087 ng/cm² (75% percentile)

[29]

traces of contamination

PX, DX, IF, CP, 5-FU

1541

>  1.08 ng/cm²

[30]

other positive samples were < 1.08 ng/cm² to ≤0.0108 ng/cm² (nd)

Hospital -

CP, Pt

50

< 0.2–371 pg/cm²

[24]

protective measures (contamination and cleaning)

Administration

CP, 5-FU, PX

186

0.7–21 μg/cm²

[31]

authors report insufficient protocols for cleaning

CP, 5-FU

104

0.007–0.019 ng/cm² (median)

[27]

before use of CSTD

CP, IP, GM, 5-FU

19,479

0.8–236,097 pg/cm²

[5]

development of a monitoring protocol

CP, 5-FU

50

0.2–270.24 μg/cm²

[32]

authors report insufficient protocols for cleaning

CP, 5-FU, Pt

120

<LOD-181,800 pg/cm²

[33]

personal protective equipment, environmental monitoring

Hospital -

CP

56

< 0.0015–28 ng/cm²

[22]

no use of CSTD, means below 0.02 ng/cm²

Patient care

CP, IF

724

0.43–23 pg/cm² (median)

[34]

area

CP, IP

60

0.03–0.15 ng/cm² (median)

[35]

tube priming in pharmacy

CP

143

4.77–159 pg/cm² (75% percentile)

[25]

CP

189

3.5–91.0 pg/cm² (75% percentile)

[26]

environmental surveillance

CP

238

0.0017–0.065 ng/cm² (75% percentile)

[29]

Hospital -

Pt

52

0.22–110,000 pg/cm²

[36]

means below 5.4 pg/cm²

Operating room

Pt

168

0.1–1733 pg/cm² (median 0.06–9.42 pg/cm²)

[37]

safety and cleaning standards, regulatory monitoring